Catheter

In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel. Catheters . In most uses, a catheter is a thin, flexible tube ("soft" catheter), though in some uses, it is a larger, solid ("hard") catheter. A catheter left inside the body, either temporarily or permanently, may be referred to as an indwelling catheter. A permanently inserted catheter may be referred to as a permcath.

The ancient Syrians created catheters from reeds. "Katheter - καθετήρ" originally referred to an instrument that was inserted such as a plug. The word "katheter" in turn came from "kathiemai - καθίεμαι" meaning "to sit". The ancient Greeks inserted a hollow metal tube through the urethra into the bladder to empty it and the tube came to be known as a "katheter".

The modern application of the catheter was in use at least by 1868 when Dr. N.B.Sornborger patented the Syringe and Catheter (patent #73402) with features for fastening it to the body and controlling the depth of insertion.

A range of polymers are used for the construction of catheters, including silicone rubber, latex, and thermoplastic elastomers. Silicone is one of the most common choices because it is inert and unreactive to body fluids and a range of medical fluids with which it might come into contact. On the other hand, the polymer is weak mechanically, and a number of serious fractures have occurred in catheters. It is widely used, for example, in breast implants where failures by rupturing of the silicone shell are well attested. It is also used in Foley catheters where fractures have been reported, often requiring surgery to remove the tip left in the bladder.

David S. Sheridan was the inventor of the modern disposable catheter in the 1940s. In his lifetime he started and sold four catheter companies and was dubbed the "Catheter King" by Forbes Magazine in 1988. He is also credited with the invention of the modern "disposable" plastic endotracheal tube now used routinely in surgery. Prior to his invention, red rubber tubes were used, sterilized, and then re-used which often led to the spread of disease and also held a high risk of infection. As a result Mr Sheridan is credited with saving thousands of lives.

In the early 1900s, a Dubliner named Walsh and a famous Scottish urinologist called Norman Gibbon teamed together to create the standard catheter used in hospitals today. Named after the two creators, it was called the Gibbon-Walsh catheter.

The Gibbon and the Walsh catheters have been described and their advantages over other catheters shown. The Walsh catheter is particularly useful after prostatectomy for it drains the bladder without infection or clot retention. The Gibbon catheter has largely removed the necessity of emergency prostatectomy. It is also very useful in cases of urethral fistula. A simple procedure such as dilatation of the urethra and passage of a Gibbon catheter often causes the fistula to close. This catheter is also of use in the treatment of urethral stricture and, as a temporary measure, in the treatment of retention of urine caused by carcinoma of the prostate

ABSES TOOTH

Definition
Collection of pus that has spread from a tooth to the network in the area,
usually comes from an infection.
CAUSE
Abses this happens from dental infection that contain fluid (pus) flowed to the gums
so that the gums are in the stands near the teeth.
Clinical Overview
- At the checkpoint appears to swelling around the tooth pain. When abses
There are at the top of the front teeth, swelling can be up to the eyelid,
abses teeth while back on the cause swelling to the cheek.
Abses teeth cause swelling down to the chin and ear or
submaksilaris.
- People sometimes fever, sometimes can not open the mouth wide.
- Dental shaky and sick time swallowing.
Diagnosis
The gums with inflammation around the tooth pain.
Dealing
- Patients are encouraged gargle with warm water
- Simtomatik: Parasetamol (if necessary)
Adults: 500 mg 3 x daily,
children: 250 mg 3 x daily.
- If there is a clear infection, can be given Amoksilin for 5 days
Adults: 500 mg 3 x daily,
children: 250 mg 3 x daily.
- When there are indications, should be revoked after a dental infection calm and refer to the dentist



AIDS

Definition
AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a collection of symptoms
diseases caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
HIV virus is found in body fluids, especially in the blood, sperm fluid,
vagina fluids and breast milk. These viruses damage the immune system
human and cause a decline or loss of power so that the body
easy to contract the disease infection.
CAUSE
HIV is a virus, a type of retrovirus that among the viruses
using RNA as molecular genetic information carrier.
Clinical Overview
- Category A includes clinical HIV infection without symptoms (Asymptomatic), limfa
denopati generalisata a set of primary and acute infection with the disease
broadcaster.
- Category B consists of the clinical condition with symptoms in adolescent / adult
HIV infection is not included in category C and meet the most
less one of several criteria, the following:
A) conditions associated with HIV infection or the
diperantarakan damage to the immune cells (cell mediated immunity)
or
B) The condition is considered by doctors who have been handling the clinical need
Dealing need or due to complications of HIV infection
with examples:
Angiomatosis basilari; Kandidiasis orofaringeal; Kandidiasis vulvovaginal;
Displasia cervix; 38.5 OC fever or diarrhea for more than 1 month;
Hairy oral leukoplakia; Herpes zoster; Purpura idiopatik trombositopenik;
Listeriosis; pelvic inflammation disease; peripheral Neuropati
- Category C includes clinical symptoms were found in AIDS patients
for example:
Kandisiasis bronki, trakea and lungs; Kandidiasis esofagus; Cervical Cancer
Invansive; Coccidiodomycosi or spread in the lungs; in Cryptococcosis
Treatment guidelines in the Basic health 2007
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outside the lungs; Retinistis virus sitomegalo; Ensefalopati related
with HIV; Herpes simplex or ulkus chronicles more than a month
length; bronchitis, pneumonia or esofagitis; Histoplasmosis spread
or outside the lungs; Isosporiasis instestinal chronicles more than a month long;
Sarkoma kaposi; burkit lymphoma (or any other term that indicates lesi
similar); lymphoma imuno blastik, L.primer in the brain; Micobacterium Avium
Complex or M.lansii spread outside the lungs; where M.tuberculosis
(outside the lungs, or lungs); Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; Leukoensefalopati
multifokal progressive; Septikemia salmonella are repeated;
Taksoplasmosis in the brain.
Diagnosis
Was based on clinical symptoms and examine the blood.
In a blood test can be performed directly against the HIV virus or
indirectly by determining the anti-body, which has more and
easily implemented. Currently, many types of tests that have the sensitivity and
spesifitas high available.
Medicine / Management
Currently there are three classes of antiretroviral drugs available in Indonesia:
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme inhibitor (NsRTI): This drug is known
as analog nukleosida that hamper the process of RNA virus changes
into DNA. This process is necessary so that the virus can bereplikasi. Medicine
in this group, including zidovudine (ZDV or AZT), lamivudine
(3TC), didanosine (ddI) zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T) and abacavir
(ABC).
Non-Nucleside Reserve Trancriptase Enzyme inhibitor (NNsRTI): This drug
although with different NRTI also impedes the process of change in RNA
into DNA. Dalamgolongan these drugs, including Nevirapine (NVP),
efavirenz (EFV), and delavirdine (DLV).
Protease Enzyme inhibitor (PI): The medicine is working hamper the enzyme protease
The chain cut zest into long-acid protein that is more
small. Drugs in golonganini including indinavir (IDV), nelfinavir (NFV),
saquinavir (SQV), ritonavir (RTV), amprenavir (APV), and
lopinavir / ritonavir (LPV / r).





AMUBIASIS

Definition
Amubiasis is a disease caused by intestinal protozoa. Protozoa are
living in the colon, causing inflammation and acute chronicler called amubiasis
intestinal. If not treated amubiasis intestinal worm to be outside the intestine and
amubiasis cause extra-intestinal.
CAUSE
Entamoeba histolytica
Clinical Overview
- The period of incubation average 2 - 4 weeks.
- Amubiasis the colon or acute dysentery amuba provide dysentery syndrome symptoms
which is a collection of symptoms consisting of a slimy and bloody feces,
tenesmus anus, stomach pain and sometimes accompanied by fever.
- In amubiasis chronicles people complained of diarrhea and stomach pain with a
constipation.
- In amubiasis are sometimes ekstraintestinalis found amubiasis history intestine.
- Collaboration amubiasis hearts usually fever, pain in the hearts swell with press
abdomen, especially in the area on the right, sweaty, no appetite, weight
the body down and ikterus.
- Amubiasis kutis and perinealis cause ulkus the edge resonant,
while amubiasis vaginalis cause leukore with blood spot
and mucus.
Diagnosis
- Amubiasis acute colon: E.histolytica found in the form of histolitika
liquid excrement.
- Amubiasis chronic colon: find a cyst in the form of E.histolytica
feces. If not found, the inspection should feces repeated 3 days berturutturut.
Serologic can be done to support the diagnosis
amubiasis.
Treatment guidelines in the Basic health 2007
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- Amubiasis heart: to find form in the biopsy histolitika E.histolytica
abses wall or pus aspirations. If not found ameba can be done
serologic diagnosis to amubiasis.
Dealing
- Metronidazol drugs is a choice for amubiasis intestine and amubiasis
ekstraintestinalis.
Adult dose: 500 - 750mg 3 x per day for 7 - 10 days.
Doses of children 1 year: 50 mg / kgBB 3 x daily, for 7 - 10 days.
- Amubiasis ekstraintestinalis require longer treatment. By
therefore need to be referred.
Prevention
- Prevention includes the improvement of health and hygiene environment for individuals,
dip the vegetables and fruits are suspected of less clean.
- Cyst person may not work in the field of food preparation and
beverages.

Pseudotumor Cerebri

What is pseudotumor cerebri?

Pseudotumor cerebri literally means "false brain tumor." It is likely due to high pressure within the skull caused by the buildup or poor absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The disorder is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 50.

What are the symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri?

Symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri include symptoms that closely mimic large brain tumors:

* headache,

* nausea,

* vomiting, and

* pulsating sounds within the head.

How is pseudotumor cerebri treated?

* Obesity, other treatable diseases, and some medications can cause raised intracranial pressure and symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri.

* A thorough medical history and physical examination is needed to evaluate these factors.

* If a diagnosis of pseudotumor cerebri is confirmed, close, repeated ophthalmologic exams are required to monitor any changes in vision.

* Drugs may be used to reduce fluid buildup and to relieve pressure.

* Weight loss and cessation of certain drugs (including oral contraceptives, tetracycline, and a variety of steroids) may lead to improvement.

* Surgery may be needed to remove pressure on the optic nerve. Therapeutic shunting, which involves surgically inserting a tube to drain CSF from the lower spine into the abdominal cavity, may be needed to remove excess CSF and relieve CSF pressure.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A to increase endurance and Eye Health

Does Vitamin A is it?
Vitamin A is one of the micronutrients needed by the body that is useful to increase body resistance (immunity) and eye health.

Vitamin A deficiency

● Lack of Vitamin A (VAD) in children who are in evacuation areas to make them vulnerable to various infections defect, so easily hurt.

● Children who suffer from lack of vitamin A, when stricken with measles, diarrhea or other infectious diseases, the disease will worsen and can lead to death. The infection will inhibit the body's ability to absorb nutrients and at the same time will erode the savings run out of vitamin A in the body.

● Lack of vitamin A for long periods of time will also be husband's dance interference with the eye, and if the child does not immediately get the vitamin A will result in blindness.

● Babies who are not breastfed have a higher risk to suffer from VAD, because milk is a source of vitamin A is good.

How to Prevent KVA
Vitamin A can be obtained from milk or foods of animal origin (milk, chicken meat, liver, eggs) or from green vegetables red and yellow fruits (mango, papaya)

In emergency situations, where natural food sources become very limited, vitamin A capsule supplementation is very important to increase endurance to disease.

How to Get Vitamin A Capsules
Vitamin A high dose of either blue or red, do not be traded and given away for free in health center

Dose Vitamin A capsules for Infants and Children
As prevention efforts in the disaster area, one capsule of vitamin A blue with a dose of 100,000 IU given to all infants aged 6-11 months, vitamin A red capsule with a dose of 200,000 IU for all children aged 12-59 months, and children ages 5-12 years.

High-dose vitamin A capsule safely given with a minimum distance a month. However, when the child turns out to consume vitamin A capsules at intervals of less than one month, usually will not happen poisoning in children. If a child is found to consume more than one capsule within a period of one month, immediately report to health care workers.


Dose Vitamin A capsules to Mother post partum
Mother during childbirth need to get two red capsules of vitamin A dose of 200,000 IU. Giving the first capsule is given immediately after birth, and a second capsule with an interval of at least 24 hours, no more than 6 weeks after delivery.

Vitamin A capsules should not be given to pregnant women because the dose is too high for the fetus.

Masturbation

Masturbation can be defined as self-stimulation to cause sexual excitement. The use of the word masturbation suggests that the person is manipulating his or her genitals to the point of intense pleasure or orgasm. An orgasm is a period of intense excitement in which genital muscles enter into a series of highly pleasurable contractions or movements, and is different for males and females. According to a national study, 95 percent of males and 89 percent of females said that they have masturbated at some point in their lives. For teens, 94 percent of males and 70 percent of females admitted to masturbating.

While masturbation can involve another person, it is often a private act. According to the Alice! Health Promotion Program, masturbation is a healthy way to express and explore your sexuality and release sexual tension. Other health professionals generally agree that private touching is a natural, normal mode of self-exploration and sexual expression.

Before You Masturbate
There are no harmful side effects to masturbation. In fact, there is no chance of pregnancy or STDs as is the case with intercourse. However, frequent masturbation can cause irritation, so consider a water-soluble lubricant.

Ask Your Physician
There is such a thing as chronic or compulsive masturbation. If masturbating is interfering with school, work or other aspects of your life, you may want to consider talking to someone about why you are doing it so often.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which levels of glucose (simple sugar) in the blood is high because the body can not release or use insulin adequately.

Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas, which is responsible in maintaining normal blood sugar levels. Insulin incorporate sugar into cells so that it can produce energy or stored as energy reserves.

Well, how much blood sugar levels, called high? According to the diagnostic criteria Perkeni (Society for Endocrinology Indonesia) 2006, a person is said to have diabetes if you have a fasting blood sugar> 126 mg / dL and on tests when> 200 mg / dL.

Blood sugar levels vary throughout the day which will increase after the meal and returned to normal within 2 hours.

Normal blood sugar levels on the morning after the night before fasting is 70-110 mg / dL of blood. Blood sugar levels are usually less than 120-140 mg / dL at 2 hours after eating or drinking liquids that contain sugar or other carbohydrates.

Normal blood sugar levels tend to increase in mild but progressive (gradually) after age 50 years, especially in people who are not actively engaged.

Increased blood sugar levels after eating or drinking stimulates the pancreas to produce insulin, which prevents blood sugar levels rise further and cause blood sugar levels slowly decreased.

There are other ways to lower blood sugar levels by performing physical activity such as exercise because muscles use glucose in the blood to be used as energy.

Sudden Cardiac Death

AHA Scientific Position

Sudden death from cardiac arrest is a major health problem that's received much less publicity than heart attack. The American Heart Association supports implementing the "chain of survival" to rescue people who suffer a cardiac arrest in the community. The adult chain consists of

* Early Recognition of the Emergency and Activation of Emergency Response System (phone 9-1-1 immediately)
* Early CPR
* Early Defibrillation
* Early Advanced Care

What is sudden cardiac death?

Sudden cardiac death (also called sudden arrest) is death resulting from an abrupt loss of heart function (cardiac arrest). The victim may or may not have diagnosed heart disease. The time and mode of death are unexpected. It occurs within minutes after symptoms appear. The most common underlying reason for patients to die suddenly from cardiac arrest is coronary heart disease (fatty buildups in the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle).

An estimated 294,851 emergency medical services-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur in the United States each year.

What causes sudden cardiac death?

All known heart diseases can lead to cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. Most of the cardiac arrests that lead to sudden death occur when the electrical impulses in the diseased heart become rapid (ventricular tachycardia) or chaotic (ventricular fibrillation) or both. This irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) causes the heart to suddenly stop beating. Some cardiac arrests are due to extreme slowing of the heart. This is called bradycardia.

In 90 percent of adult victims of sudden cardiac death, two or more major coronary arteries are narrowed by fatty buildups. Scarring from a prior heart attack is found in two-thirds of victims. When sudden death occurs in young adults, other heart abnormalities are more likely causes. Adrenaline released during intense physical or athletic activity often acts as a trigger for sudden death when these abnormalities are present. Under certain conditions, various heart medications and other drugs — as well as illegal drug abuse — can lead to abnormal heart rhythms that cause sudden death.

The term "massive heart attack" is often wrongly used in the media to describe sudden death. The term "heart attack" refers to death of heart muscle tissue due to the loss of blood supply, not necessarily resulting in a cardiac arrest or the death of the heart attack victim. A heart attack may cause cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death, but the terms aren't synonymous.

Can the cardiac arrest that causes sudden death be reversed?

Brain death and permanent death start to occur in just four to six minutes after someone experiences cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest is reversible in most victims if it's treated within a few minutes with an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal heartbeat. This process is called defibrillation. A victim's chances of survival are reduced by 7 to 10 percent with every minute that passes without CPR and defibrillation. CPR can double or triple a cardiac arrest victim's chances of survival. Few attempts at resuscitation succeed after 10 minutes. If someone becomes unconscious, call 9-1-1 immediately. They may be suffering from sudden cardiac arrest.

What are treatments for survivors?

If a cardiac arrest was due to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, survivors are at risk for another arrest, especially if they have underlying heart disease.

Survivors of cardiac arrest must have all causes corrected to prevent future episodes. Possible causes include myocardial ischemia (inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle), arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), etc.

Possible tests and treatments include

* cardiac catheterization
* electrophysiologic tests
* coronary artery bypass surgery
* balloon angioplasty or PCI (PTCA)
* antiarrhythmic medicine
* implantable cardioverter / defibrillator
* implantable pacemaker
* heart transplant

What Chemicals Are In Tobacco Smoke? What Is Cigarette Smoke?

Experts say that cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 different compounds. A significant number of them are toxic (poisonous) and can damage our cells. Many of them are carcinogenic (cause cancer).

Below is some information on a few compounds found in tobacco smoke, the most abundant ones, tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide are at the bottom of this list:

* Acetaldehyde - this chemical is used in resins and glues. It is believed to be a carcinogen. Experts say it is likely that it facilitates the absorption of other dangerous chemical into the bronchial tubes.
* Acetone - this chemical is used in solvents. It irritates the eyes, nose and throat. Long-term exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.
* Acrolein - commonly used in herbicides and polyester resins. It is also used in chemical warfare. Acrolein is an ingredient in tear gas. It is very poisonous and irritates the eyes and upper respiratory tract.
* Acrylonitrile - also known as vynil cyanide. Experts believe it is a human carcinogen. It is used in synthetic resins, rubber and plastics.
* 1-aminonaphthalene - in ingredient in weed killers. It is a known carcinogen.
* 2-aminonaphthalene - this substance causes bladder cancer. It is banned in industrial uses.
* Ammonia - it is known to cause asthma and raise blood pressure. Ammonia is used in cleaners.
* Benzene - used in gasoline, causes several cancers, including leukemia
* Benzo[a]pyrene - this chemical is found in coal tar pitch, and creosote. It is a known carcinogen, especially for lung and skin cancers. It can also undermine human fertility.
* 1,3-Butadiene - it is used in latex, rubber and neoprene products. Experts believe it is most likely a carcinogen.
* Butyraldehyde - this chemical affects the lining of the lungs and nose. It is used in solvents and resins. It is a powerful inhalation irritant.
* Cadmium - a known carcinogen. It damages the brain, kidneys and liver. Cadmium is used in non-corrosive metal coatings, storage batteries, pigments, and bearings.
* Catechol - it elevates blood pressure and irritates the upper respiratory tract. It can also cause dermatitis. Catechol is used as an antioxidant in oils, inks and dyes.
* Chromium - known to cause lung cancer. It is used in wood treatment, wood preservatives, metal plating and alloys. Those involved in welding have the greatest risk of exposure.
* Cresol - acute inhalation can cause throat, nasal and upper respiratory irritation. It is used in disinfectants, wood preservatives and solvents.
* Crotonaldehyde - a warning agent in fuel gasses. Experts say it messes up the human immune system. It can also cause chromosomal changes.
* Formaldehyde - part of the resin used in foam insulation, plywood, fiberboard and particleboard. It can cause nasal cancer, as well as damaging the digestive system, skin and lungs.
* Hydrogen Cyanide - some states use this chemical in their gas chambers for executions. It weakens the lungs and causes fatigue, headaches and nausea. It is used in the production of acrylic plastics and resins, and can also be a fumigant.
* Hydroquinone - has a detrimental effect on the central nervous system. Also causes eye injuries and skin irritation. It is used in varnishes, motor fuels and paints.
* Isoprene - similar to 1,3-butadiene. It causes skin, eye and mucous membrane irritation. It is used in rubber.
* Lead - lead damages the nerves in the brain, as well as the kidneys and the human reproductive system. Lead intake can also cause stomach problems and anemia. It is a known carcinogen and is particularly toxin to children. Lead is used in paint and metal alloys.
* Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) - depresses the human nervous system, irritates the eyes, nose and throat. MEK is used in solvents.
* Nickel - a known carcinogen, nickel also causes bronchial asthma and upper respiratory irritation.
* Nitric Oxide - this is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. It is made by gasoline combustion. Scientists say it is linked to a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and asthma.
* NNN, NNK, and NAT - NNN and NNK are known carcinogens and NAT might be one. The three compounds are unique to tobacco. NNN may also cause reproductive problems. NNK is closely linked to lung cancer risk.
* Phenol - this highly toxic substance is harmful for the CNS (central nervous system), cardiovascular system, respiratory system, the kidneys and liver. It is used in resins in plywood and construction materials.
* Propionaldehyde - irritates the respiratory system, skin and eyes. It is used as a disinfectant.
* Pyridine - irritates the eyes and upper respiratory tract. It also causes nervousness, headaches and nausea. Experts say it might cause liver damage. This substance is used in solvents.
* Quinoline - it is used for stopping corrosion and also as a solvent for resins. It is a severe eye irritant, is harmful to the liver, and causes genetic mutations. Experts believe it may be a carcinogen.
* Resorcinol - irritates the eyes and skin. It is used in resins, adhesives (glue) and laminates.
* Styrene - irritates the eyes, may slow down reflexes, and causes headaches. It is linked to a higher risk of leukemia. This substance is used in fiberglass, pipes, plastic and insulation materials.
* Toluene - causes confusion, memory loss, nausea, weakness, anorexia, and drunken movements. It is also associated with permanent brain damage. The chemical is used in resins, oils and solvents.
* Nicotine - this is not carcinogenic. However, it is highly addictive. Smokers find it very hard to quit because they are hooked on the nicotine. Nicotine is an extremely fast-acting drug. It reaches the brain within 15 seconds of being inhaled. If cigarettes and other tobacco products had no nicotine, the number of people who smoke every day would drop drastically. Without nicotine, the tobacco industry would collapse. Nicotine is used as a highly controlled insecticide. Exposure to sufficient amounts can lead to vomiting, seizures, depression of the CNS (central nervous system), and growth retardation. It can also undermine a fetus' proper development.
* Carbon Monoxide - this is a poisonous gas. It has no smell or taste. The body finds it hard to differentiate carbon monoxide from oxygen and absorbs it into the bloodstream. Faulty boilers emit dangerous carbon monoxide, as to car exhausts. If there is enough carbon monoxide around you and you inhale it, you can go into a coma and die. Carbon monoxide decreases muscle and heart function, it causes fatigue, weakness, and dizziness. It is especially toxic for babies still in the womb, infants and indifividuals with heart or lung disease.
* Tar - consists of several cancer-causing chemicals. When a smoker inhales cigarette smoke, 70% of the tar remains in the lungs. Try the handkerchief test. Fill the mouth with smoke, don't inhale, and blow the smoke through the handkerchief. There will be a sticky, brown stain on the cloth. Do this again, but this time inhale and the blow the smoke through the cloth, there will only be a very faint light brown stain.